What does 'two-person integrity' refer to in controlled substance handling?

• A. Requiring two authorized individuals to access and dispense controlled substances.
• B. Requiring two pharmacists to verify every prescription.
• C. Two-step process for closing out inventory at end of day.
• D. Two-factor authentication for computer login.

Answer: (A)

Two-person integrity means that two authorized individuals must be involved in handling controlled substances, from removing them from storage to dispensing to the patient. This creates accountability and helps prevent theft or diversion by ensuring that no single person can access or dispense these medications on their own. In practice, one person may access the stock while a second person verifies and documents the transaction, and both must sign off. This dual-control approach also supports proper chain-of-custody and makes it easier to trace any discrepancies.

The other ideas described don’t capture this direct handling requirement. Verifying every prescription with two pharmacists focuses on prescription accuracy, not the physical control of the substances. A two-step end-of-day inventory closing is about reconciliation, not ongoing access control. Two-factor computer login is an IT security measure, important but separate from the hands-on dual-control principle in medication handling.